Java设计模式研究之Flyweight模式
GOF:运用共享技术有效地支持大量细粒度的对象。解释一下概念:也就是说在一个系统中如果有多个相同的对象,那么只共享一份就可以了,不必每个都去实例化一个对象。比如说(这里引用GOF书中的例子)一个文本系统,每个字母定一个对象,那么大小写字母一共就是52个,那么就要定义52个对象。如果有一个1M的文本,那么字母是何其的多,如果每个字母都定义一个对象那么内存早就爆了。那么如果要是每个字母都共享一个对象,那么就大大节约了资源。
在Flyweight模式中,由于要产生各种各样的对象,所以在Flyweight(享元)模式中常出现Factory模式。Flyweight的内部状态是用来共享的,Flyweight factory负责维护一个对象存储池(Flyweight Pool)来存放内部状态的对象。Flyweight模式是一个提高程序效率和性能的模式,会大大加快程序的运行速度.应用场合很多,下面举个例子:
先定义一个抽象的Flyweight类:
package Flyweight; public abstract class Flyweight ... { public abstract void operation(); }//end abstract class Flyweight |
在实现一个具体类:
package Flyweight; public class ConcreteFlyweight extends Flyweight ... { private String string; public ConcreteFlyweight(String str) ... { string = str; }//end ConcreteFlyweight(...) public void operation() ... { System.out.println("Concrete---Flyweight : " + string); }//end operation() }//end class ConcreteFlyweight |
实现一个工厂方法类:
package Flyweight; import java.util.Hashtable; public class FlyweightFactory ... { private Hashtable flyweights = new Hashtable();//----------------------------1 public FlyweightFactory() ...{} public Flyweight getFlyWeight(Object obj) ... { Flyweight flyweight = (Flyweight) flyweights.get(obj);//----------------2 if(flyweight == null) ...{//---------------------------------------------------3 //产生新的ConcreteFlyweight flyweight = new ConcreteFlyweight((String)obj); flyweights.put(obj, flyweight);//--------------------------------------5 } return flyweight;//---------------------------------------------------------6 }//end GetFlyWeight(...) public int getFlyweightSize() ... { return flyweights.size(); } }//end class FlyweightFactory |
这个工厂方法类非常关键,这里详细解释一下:
在1处定义了一个Hashtable用来存储各个对象;在2处选出要实例化的对象,在6处将该对象返回,如果在Hashtable中没有要选择的对象,此时变量flyweight为null,产生一个新的flyweight存储在Hashtable中,并将该对象返回。
最后看看Flyweight的调用:
package Flyweight; import java.util.Hashtable; public class FlyweightPattern ...{ FlyweightFactory factory = new FlyweightFactory(); Flyweight fly1; Flyweight fly2; Flyweight fly3; Flyweight fly4; Flyweight fly5; Flyweight fly6; /** *//** Creates a new instance of FlyweightPattern */ public FlyweightPattern() ...{ fly1 = factory.getFlyWeight("Google"); fly2 = factory.getFlyWeight("Qutr"); fly3 = factory.getFlyWeight("Google"); fly4 = factory.getFlyWeight("Google"); fly5 = factory.getFlyWeight("Google"); fly6 = factory.getFlyWeight("Google"); }//end FlyweightPattern() public void showFlyweight() ... { fly1.operation(); fly2.operation(); fly3.operation(); fly4.operation(); fly5.operation(); fly6.operation(); int objSize = factory.getFlyweightSize(); System.out.println("objSize = " + objSize); }//end showFlyweight() public static void main(String[] args) ... { System.out.println("The FlyWeight Pattern!"); FlyweightPattern fp = new FlyweightPattern(); fp.showFlyweight(); }//end main(...) }//end class FlyweightPattern |
下面是运行结果:
Concrete---Flyweight : Google Concrete---Flyweight : Qutr Concrete---Flyweight : Google Concrete---Flyweight : Google Concrete---Flyweight : Google Concrete---Flyweight : Google objSize = 2 |
我们定义了6个对象,其中有5个是相同的,按照Flyweight模式的定义“Google”应该共享一个对象,在实际的对象数中我们可以看出实际的对象却是只有2个。
下面给出一个简易的UML图:
总结:
Flyweight(享元)模式是如此的重要,因为它能帮你在一个复杂的系统中大量的节省内存空间。在GOF的书中举了文本处理的例子,我觉得非常恰当。那么,在Java中String这个类型比较特殊,为什么呢,看下面的例子:
String a = "hello"; String b = "hello"; if(a == b) System.out.println("OK"); else System.out.println("Error"); |
输出结果是:OK。稍有经验的人都可以看出if条件比较的是两a和b的地址,也可以说是内存空间。那么Sting的实现是不是使用了Flyweight模式呢,不得而知,到现在还没有研究过。