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Oracle中password file orapwd的作用及说明

Oracle中password file orapwd的作用及说明
 
在数据库没有启动之前,数据库内建用户是无法通过数据库来验证身份的
 
口令文件中存放sysdba/sysoper用户的用户名及口令
允许用户通过口令文件验证,在数据库未启动之前登陆
从而启动数据库
 
如果没有口令文件,在数据库未启动之前就只能通过操作系统认证.
 
使用Rman,很多时候需要在nomount,mount等状态对数据库进行处理
所以通常要求sysdba权限如果属于本地DBA组,可以通过操作系统认证登陆
如果是远程sysdba登陆,需要通过passwordfile认证.
1.remote_login_passwordfile = NONE
 
此时停用口令文件验证,Oracle数据库不允许远程SYSDBA/SYSOPER身份登录
无法通过远程进行数据库起停等操作管理
 
local:
 
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
 
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Thu Apr 15 09:58:45 2004
 
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
 
 
Connected to:
Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options
JServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production
 
SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;
 
User altered.
 
SQL> show parameter pass
 
NAME                      TYPE   VALUE
--------------------- ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string NONE
   
   
remote:
 
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
 
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - 
Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:39:22 2004
 
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle 
Corporation. All rights reserved.
 
SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as 
sysdba
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
 
此处实际上是无法通过口令文件验证
2.remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive
 
 
 
SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;
 
System altered.
 
SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.
 
Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes
Fixed Size 451576 bytes
Variable Size 104857600 bytes
Database Buffers 25165824 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> show parameter pass
 
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string EXCLUSIVE
SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;
 
User altered.
 
remote:
 
 
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
 
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - 
Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:47:11 2004
 
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle 
Corporation. All rights reserved.
 
SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as 
sysdba
已连接。
SQL> show user
USER 为"SYS"
SQL>
 
这实际上就是通过口令文件验证登录的
3.进一步测试
 
如果此时我们删除passwdfile,sysdba/sysoper将无法认证,也就无法登陆数据库
Server:
 
SQL> !
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls orapwhsjf
orapwhsjf
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ 
 
 
 
Remote: 
 
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
 
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:50:14 2004
 
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
 
SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba
ERROR:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
 
 
SQL>
 
 
 
这实际上就是无法通过口令文件验证身份
 
4.如果丢失了passwdfile
 
如果使用passwdfile却意外丢失,此时将不能启动数据库
 
 
 
SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.
 
Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes
Fixed Size 451576 bytes
Variable Size 104857600 bytes
Database Buffers 25165824 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'
ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
Additional information: 3
 
 
 
此时可以通过orapwd重建口令文件来解决
此处我们恢复口令文件既可
 
SQL> !
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ mv $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwhsjf.bak orapwhsjf
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ exit
exit
 
SQL> alter database open;
 
Database altered.
 
SQL>
 
 
 
 
大致就是如此.
 
5. remote_login_passwordfile = shared
我们看一下Oracle9i文档中的说明:
SHARED
More than one database can use a password file. However, the only user recognized by the password file is SYS.
意思是说多个数据库可以共享一个口令文件,但是只可以识别一个用户:SYS
 
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
------------------------------ ----- -----
SYS TRUE TRUE
SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;
grant sysdba to eygle
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01994: GRANT failed: cannot add users to public password file
SQL> show parameter password
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
 
我们看到,此时的口令文件中是不能添加用户的.
很多人的疑问在于:口令文件的缺省名称是orapw<sid>,怎么能够共享?
实际上是这样的: Oracle数据库在启动时,首先查找的是orapw<sid>的口令文件,如果该文件不存在,则开始查找,orapw的口令文件
如果口令文件命名为orapw,多个数据库就可以共享.
我们看一下测试:
 
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
 
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Jul 6 09:40:34 2004
 
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation.  All rights reserved.
 
 
Connected to:
Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining opt
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