Linux下的各种有效的备份方法汇总
一． 在单个服务器上的备份最常见的备份方法是在命令行上用经典的备份程序tar .是最通用最简单也最有用的备份工具# tar cvf
backup.tar /etc （备份整个etc 目录及下面的所有子目录和文件）#gzip -9 backup.tar
(得到最大的压缩率)
你可以把备份后的backup.tar.gz转存到其它介质，CDR/CDRW光盘，私人信箱等
二． 跨服务器的备份
1． 利用ssh/scp功能直接把文件或目录从一台服务器拷贝到另一台服务器上。参见文章荟萃中另一篇文章《如何不用密码进行ssh/scp》
2.利用smbmount先mount另一台服务器上的Samba共享目录到这台机器的某目录下，直接进行cp操作。 如：[root@sh/mnt]# smbmount //sh3/pub /mnt/sh3 -N将服务器sh3上的Samba共享目录pub mount到服务器sh上的/mnt/sh3目录下面。且不提示密码
3．
利用NFS功能进行服务器间的备份，有一定程序的安全性问题，在此不多做介绍。
三． 备份到其它介质
你可以备份到磁带，ZIP drive , JAZ drive
1. 备份到磁带
假设你已经设置并安装好了磁带机，本人用的是HP SuitStore 500,外置，SCSI接口。
1. 查看磁带中的目录
tar tvf /dev/st0
2. 查看磁带内容并输出到一个文件中 tar tvf /dev/st0 > stlist
3.
备份档案
tar cvf /dev/st0 /etc
tar cvf /dev/st0 /etc/hosts /boot /etc/smb.conf
4. 按指定的文件内容或目录释放出磁带中的相应文件
tar -T stlist -xvf /dev/st0
tar xvfz /dev/st0 /etc/
6. 附加个别文件到磁带后面
tar -r /etc/hosts /etc/passwd -vf /dev/st0
7. 从现有磁带中删除一个或几个文件
tar --delete etc/hosts -vf /dev/st0
8. 附加一个现有的tar文档到磁带后面
tar -A pamd.tar -vf /dev/st0
2． 备份到JAZ 驱动器
7.3 Getting a Zip drive to work
（参见Redhat FAQ: href="http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/faqs/rhl_general_faq/FAQ.html"target="_blank">http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/faqs/rhl_general_faq/FAQ.html）
There are excellent references in the ZIP HOWTOs at href="http://www.redhat.com/mirrors/LDP."target="_blank">http://www.redhat.com/mirrors/LDP.
Also, there is a Zip HOWTO at:
target="_blank">http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX-3.html
In Red Hat Linux 6.1, there are a few extra steps needed to get a parallel port Zipdrive to work:
Edit your /etc/conf.modules and add:
alias parport_lowlevel parport_pc
alias scsi_hostadapter ppa
Then log in as root and run:
modprobe ppa
Some people have had problems if they daisy chain a Zip drive off of a chain with a printer on it. Currently, we recommend that you use either the printer or the Zipdrive.
For more information, check target="_blank">www.torque.net/paraport
If you are having problems with an IDE Zip drive, here is further information:
First check and make sure there is a disk in the drive. Also, make sure you aremounting it as partition 4 instead of 1. An example would be hdc4. The reason for this is thatthe Macintosh uses partition 4 for its data partition and has problems if data is on another partition.
3备份到 JAZ 驱动器
假定JAQ驱动器为SCSI接口，把JAZ驱动器当作SCSI链上的一个存储设备即可。
四． 跨操作系统进行备份
1． 把Linux服务器上的数据资料备份到windows 95/98机器上 假定一台windows机器jephe有一完全读写共享目录 data ,且密码为 secret,现希望把Linux上的文件备份到这个共享目录下，则先把这个共享可写目录mount到Linux下，再做普通的cp操作
附：在Linux上对Novell服务器上的数据进行备份：（http://www.pcquest.com/linux/netware.asp） NetWare And Linux
Making your Linux server talk to NetWare servers and printers
As almost every office-LAN has a NetWare server, your desktop client must be able totalk to NetWare. This article tells you how a Linux box can access files on a Novellserver and print to a Novell print queue.
Linux, by default, uses the IP network protocol for network communication. However,Novell NetWare uses the IPX network protocol. As the Linux kernel has a completely newnetwork implementation compared to other operating systems like Unix, it supports a range of non-TCP/IP protocols including the IPX protocol. Kernels 2.x onwards have built-in IPX support. The Red Hat Linux distributed on our CD-ROM has it too. The Linux kernelsupports the IPX protocol only. It does not, yet, support protocols such as IPX/RIP, SAP, orNCP.
The first step is to configure your IPX inte易做图ces.
Login as root
Type ipx_configure--auto_primary= on --auto_inte易做图ce=on
Wait for a minute and type cat /proc/net/ipx_inte易做图ce. You should see something like:
Network Node_Address Primary Device Frame_Type
000000E1 00A0C925164A Yes eth0 802.2
4.Type slist. You should see a list of the NetWare servers on your LAN.
Known NetWare File Servers Network Node Address
D74_SERVER 00000D74 00000000001
If you don't, wait for a few minutes and retry. If the slist command displays amessage like: ncp_connect: Invalid argument, then your kernel probably does not support IPX.
Check that you have actually booted off the appropriate kernel. When you boot youshould see messages about IPX and ncpfs in system startup messages. If the slist commanddoes not list all of your fileservers, then you may need to use the manual networkconfiguration method. Type cat /proc/net/ipx_inte易做图ce. You should see something like:
At this point, your Linux box is setup for IPX networking. Check if your kernel has support for NetWare NCP file system. The default Red Hat kernel has NCP file system support. You simply have to load the ncpfs module /usr/sbin/lib/modules/2.0.32/fs/ncpfs.0.
You can also add the line to your local file to load it automatically at the boottime.
Once that is done
Login as root (only root can mount NetWare volumes).
Type mkdir/netware to create a directory for mounting the NetWare volumes.
Type ncpmount -S D74_SERVER -U user10 /netware. You will be prompted for a passwordfor user10.
At this point your server is mounted on /netware. The volumes are sub-directoriesunder /netware. So the SYS volume would be /netware/sys and the DATA volume would be/netware/data.
If you only want to mount a single volume, you can use ncpmount -S D74_SERVER -V sys-U user10 /netware. This will mount only the SYS volume to /netware.
When you finish using the Net-Ware volume, you can unmount usingncpumount/netware.
Tip: You don't need to manually unmount NetWare volumes when you shutdown.
When you want to share the mounted NetWare volume among other Linux users, you need to understand file permissions. The NetWare file system doesn't support user IDs andgroup IDs for directories. So all files and directories on the mounted directory have the permissions as the directory where it was mounted. For example, if you type ls-ld/netware, drwxrwxr-x 1 root root 512 Nov 24 1960 /netware is what you get.
So, all the NetWare files will have the above file permissions.
If you want non-root users to mount NetWare volumes, ncpmount command must be SetUserid Root, so you would need to type chmod 4755 ncpmount
Simplifying mounting of volumes
There is another way of configuring NetWare mounts-by creating a .nwclient file inyour home directory. This file contains details of temporary or user specific NetWare mountsthat would be performed regularly. I
