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Linux内核抢占补丁的基本原理

作者 jkl

  CPU在内核中运行时并不是处处不可抢占的,内核中存在一些空隙,在这时进行抢占是安

  全的,内核抢占补丁的基本原理就是将SMP可并行的代码段看成是可以进行内核抢占的区

  域。

  2.4内核正好细化了多CPU下的内核线程同步机构,对不可并行的指令块用spinlock和rw

  lock作了细致的表示,该补丁的实现可谓水到渠成。

  具体的方法就是在进程的任务结构上增加一个preempt_count变量作为内核抢占锁,它随

  着spinlock和rwlock一起加锁和解锁。当preempt_count为0时表示可以进行内核调度。

  内核调度器的入口为preempt_schedule(),它将当前进程标记为TASK_PREEMPTED状态再

  调用schedule(),在TASK_PREEMPTED状态,schedule()不会将进程从运行队列中删除。

  下面是内核抢占补丁的主要代码示意:

  arch/i386/kernel/entry.S:

  preempt_count = 4 # 将task_struct中的flags用作preempt_count,flags被移到了别

  的位置

  ret_from_exception: # 从异常返回

  #ifdef CONFIG_SMP

  GET_CURRENT(%ebx)

  movl processor(%ebx),%eax

  shll $CONFIG_X86_L1_CACHE_SHIFT,%eax

  movl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat)(,%eax),%ecx # softirq_active

  testl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat)+4(,%eax),%ecx # softirq_mask

  #else

  movl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat),%ecx # softirq_active

  testl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat)+4,%ecx # softirq_mask

  #endif

  jne handle_softirq

  #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT

  cli

  incl preempt_count(%ebx) # 异常的入口没有禁止内核调度的指令,与ret_from_intr

  匹配一下

  #endif

  ENTRY(ret_from_intr) # 硬件中断的返回

  GET_CURRENT(%ebx)

  #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT

  cli

  decl preempt_count(%ebx) # 恢复内核抢占标志

  #endif

  movl EFLAGS(%esp),%eax # mix EFLAGS and CS

  movb CS(%esp),%al

  testl $(VM_MASK | 3),%eax # return to VM86 mode or non-supervisor?

  jne ret_with_reschedule

  #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT

  cmpl $0,preempt_count(%ebx)

  jnz restore_all # 如果preempt_count非零则表示禁止内核抢占

  cmpl $0,need_resched(%ebx)

  jz restore_all #

  movl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat)+irq_stat_local_bh_count CPU_INDX,%ecx

  addl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat)+irq_stat_local_irq_count CPU_INDX,%ecx

  jnz restore_all

  incl preempt_count(%ebx)

  sti

  call SYMBOL_NAME(preempt_schedule)

  jmp ret_from_intr # 新进程返回,返回ret_from_intr恢复抢占标志后再返回

  #else

  jmp restore_all

  #endif

  ALIGN

  handle_softirq:

  #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT

  cli

  GET_CURRENT(%ebx)

  incl preempt_count(%ebx)

  sti

  #endif

  call SYMBOL_NAME(do_softirq)

  jmp ret_from_intr

  ALIGN

  reschedule:

  call SYMBOL_NAME(schedule) # test

  jmp ret_from_sys_call

  include/asm/hw_irq.h:

  ...

  #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT

  #define BUMP_CONTEX_SWITCH_LOCK \

  GET_CURRENT \

  "incl 4(%ebx)\n\t"

  #else

  #define BUMP_CONTEX_SWITCH_LOCK

  #endif

  #define SAVE_ALL \ 硬件中断保护入口现场

  "cld\n\t" \

  "pushl %es\n\t" \

  "pushl %ds\n\t" \

  "pushl %eax\n\t" \

  "pushl %ebp\n\t" \

  "pushl %edi\n\t" \

  "pushl %esi\n\t" \

  "pushl %edx\n\t" \

  "pushl %ecx\n\t" \

  "pushl %ebx\n\t" \

  "movl $" STR(__KERNEL_DS) ",%edx\n\t" \

  "movl %edx,%ds\n\t" \

  "movl %edx,%es\n\t" \

  BUMP_CONTEX_SWITCH_LOCK # 硬件中断的入口禁止内核抢占

  include/linux/spinlock.h:

  #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT

  #define switch_lock_count() current->preempt_count

  #define in_ctx_sw_off() (switch_lock_count().counter) 判断当前进程的抢占计数

  是否非零

  #define atomic_ptr_in_ctx_sw_off() (&switch_lock_count())

  #define ctx_sw_off() \ 禁止内核抢占

  do { \

  atomic_inc(atomic_ptr_in_ctx_sw_off()); \ 当前进程的内核抢占计数增1

  } while (0)

  #define ctx_sw_on_no_preempt() \ 允许内核抢占

  do { \

  atomic_dec(atomic_ptr_in_ctx_sw_off()); \ 当前进程的内核抢占计数减1

  } while (0)

  #define ctx_sw_on() \ 允许并完成内核抢占

  do { \

  if (atomic_dec_and_test(atomic_ptr_in_ctx_sw_off()) && \

  current->need_resched) \

  preempt_schedule(); \

  } while (0)

  #define spin_lock(lock) \

  do { \

  ctx_sw_off(); \ 进入自旋锁时禁止抢占

  _raw_spin_lock(lock); \

  } while(0)

  #define spin_trylock(lock) ({ctx_sw_off(); _raw_spin_trylock(lock) ? \锁定并

  测试原来是否上锁

  1 : ({ctx_sw_on(); 0;});})

  #define spin_unlock(lock) \

  do { \

  _raw_spin_unlock(lock); \

  ctx_sw_on(); \ 离开自旋锁时允许并完成内核抢占

  } while (0)

  #define read_lock(lock) ({ctx_sw_off(); _raw_read_lock(lock);})

  #define read_unlock(lock) ({_raw_read_unlock(lock); ctx_sw_on();})

  #define write_lock(lock) ({ctx_sw_off(); _raw_write_lock(lock);})

  #define write_unlock(lock) ({_raw_write_unlock(lock); ctx_sw_on();})

  #define write_trylock(lock) ({ctx_sw_off(); _raw_write_trylock(lock) ? \

  1 : ({ctx_sw_on(); 0;});})

  ...

  include/asm/softirq.h:

  #define cpu_bh_disable(cpu) do { ctx_sw_off(); local_bh_count(cpu)++; barrie

  r(); } while (0)

  #define cpu_bh_enable(cpu) do { barrier(); local_bh_count(cpu)--;ctx_sw_on()

  ; } while (0)

  kernel/schedule.c:

  #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT

  asmlinkage void preempt_schedule(void)

  {

  while (current->need_resched) {

  ctx_sw_off();

  current->state |= TASK_PREEMPTED;

  schedule();

  current->state &= ~TASK_PREEMPTED;

  ctx_sw_on_no_preempt();

  }

  }

  #endif

  asmlinkage void schedule(void)

  {

  struct schedule_data * sched_data;

  struct task_struct *prev, *next, *p;

  struct list_head *tmp;

  int this_cpu, c;

  #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT

  ctx_sw_off();

  #endif

  if (!current->active_mm) BUG();

  need_resched_back:

  prev = current;

  this_cpu = prev->processor;

  if (in_interrupt())

  goto sche易做图ng_in_interrupt;

  release_kernel_lock(prev, this_cpu);

  /* Do "administrative" work here while we don't hold any locks */

  if (softirq_active(this_cpu) & softirq_mask(this_cpu))

  goto handle_softirq;

  handle_softirq_back:

  /*

  * 'sched_data' is protected by the fact that we can run

  * only one process per CPU.

  */

  sched_data = & aligned_data[this_cpu].schedule_data;

  spin_lock_irq(&runqueue_lock);

  /* move an exhau
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